Method of inhibiting parasitic activity

ABSTRACT

A method of inhibiting parasitic activity is disclosed in which the biosynthesis, structure and/or function of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of said parasite may be affected by incorporating into said GPI anchor selected analogs of myristic acid containing various heteroatoms, substituents and unsaturated bonds, including ester-containing analogs, ketocarbonyl-containing analogs, sulfur-containing analogs, double bond- and triple bond-containing analogs, aromatic moiety-containing analogs, nitrated analogs and halogenated analogs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method of inhibiting parasitic activity by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of the parasite. More particularly, the invention relates to the inhibition of parasitic activity by contacting said parasite with selected analogs of myristic acid containing various heteroatoms, substituents and unsaturated bonds.

Glycosyl phosphatidylinositols (GPIs) anchors diverse proteins to the plasma membranes of organisms ranging from the yeasts to mammals. See, e.g., the review article by Low, Biochem. J. 244, 1-13 (1987). One of the most completely characterized GPI anchors is that of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. See, e.g., the research article by Ferguson et al. Science 239, 753-759 (1988), for the complete primary structure of the GPI anchors of VSG variant 117, and the review of GPI biosynthesis in T. brucei by Englund, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62, 121-138 (1993). This parasite, in common with other African trypanosomes, evades the mammalian immune system by antigenic variation in which individual genes encoding immunologically distinct VSGs form a dense surface coat. The VSG coat acts as a macromolecular diffusion barrier which protects the parasite from lytic host-serum components.

Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan bloodstream parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness which has a devastating effect on human health and on livestock production. Consequently, methods of inhibiting the activity of this and related protozoan parasites would have significant importance to medical science and for the development of therapeutic intervention to parasitic diseases.

Recently, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,445, certain myristic acid analogs have been disclosed as useful for inhibiting the growth and viability of bloodstream trypanosome parasites having a GPI membrane anchor. These analogs are oxy-substituted fatty acid analogs of C₁₃ and C₁₄ fatty acids or alkyl esters thereof in which a methylene group normally in carbon position from 4 to 13 of said fatty acid is replaced with oxygen. See also Doering et al., Science 252, 1851-1854 (1991).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for inhibiting parasitic activity of a bloodstream trypanosome parasite which comprises contacting said parasite with a compound selected from a group of myristic acid analogs containing various. heteroatoms, substituents and unsaturated bonds. For purposes of convenience, these 53 selected analogs are divided into the following sub-groups with their chemical formulas being shown.

Thiatetradecanoic Acids

CH₃ --S--(CH₂)₁₁ --COOH

CH₃ --CH₂ --S--(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --S--(CH₂)₈ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --S--(CH₂)₇ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --S--(CH₂)₆ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --S--(CH₂)₅ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --S--(CH₂)₄ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --S--(CH₂)₃ --COOH

Oxygen and Sulfur Containing Analogs

CH₃ --CH₂ --S--(CH₂)₂ --O--(CH₂)₇ --COOH

Oxotetradecanoic Acids

CH₃ --CO--(CH₂)₁₁ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₂ --CO--(CH₂)₉ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --CO--(CH₂)₈ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --CO--(CH₂)₇ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --CO--(CH₂)₅ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --CO--(CH₂)₃ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₉ --CO--(CH₂)₂ --COOH

Ester-containing Analogs

CH₃ --O--CO--(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₂ --O--CO--(CH₂)₈ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --O--CO--(CH₂)₇ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --O--CO--(CH₂)₅ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --O--CO--(CH₂)₄ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --O--CO--(CH₂)₃ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --O--CO--(CH₂)₂ --COOH

Nitroalkylcarboxylic Acids

O₂ N--(CH₂)₁₂ --COOH

O₂ N--(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH

Halogenated Analogs

Br--(CH₂)₁₂ --COOH

Br--(CH₂)₁₃ --COOH

Tetradecenoic Acids

CH₃ --CH₂ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₉ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₅ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₄ --COOH

Tetradecadienoic Acids

CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH₂)₄ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH₂)₃ --COOH

Tetradecynoic Acids

HC≡C--(CH₂)₁₁ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₂ --C≡C--(CH₂)₈ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --C≡C--(CH₂)₇ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --C≡C--(CH₂)₆ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --C≡C--(CH₂)₅ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --C≡C--(CH₂)₄ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --C≡C--(CH₂)₃ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --C≡C--(CH₂)₄ --COOH

Aromatic Moiety-containing Analogs 11 Carbon Equivalent Length

C₆ H₅ --(CH₂)₇ --COOH

13 Carbon Equivalent Length

C₆ H₅ --(CH₂)₉ --COOH

CH₃ --CH₂ --C₆ H₄ --(CH₂)₇ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --O--C₆ H₄ --(CH₂)₄ --COOH

14 Carbon Equivalent Length

C₆ H₅ --(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --O--C₆ H₄ --(CH₂)₄ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --O--C₆ H₄ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₃ --COOH

CH₃ (CH₂)₄ --O--C₆ H₄ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₂ --COOH

Hetero-aromatic analogs

CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ -furyl-(CH₂)₃ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ -furyl-(CH₂)₄ --COOH

CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ -furyl-(CH₂)₅ --COOH

2-Furyl-(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH

2-Thienyl-(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH

The chemical structures of the fifteen preferred compounds in the foregoing sub-groups are shown in Table 1 below. These compounds are listed in the approximate order of their toxic effect upon trypanosomes in culture, with the most toxic compounds at the top of the list. For purposes of comparison, the structures of five representative oxy-myristic acid analogs (oxatetradecanoic acids) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,445, are also included in this list. These five oxy-myristic acid analogs are as follows:

11-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-11

10-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-10

8-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-8

7-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-7

5-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-5

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Activity                                                                       order                                                                              Compound Structure and systematic name                                     __________________________________________________________________________      1  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 C.tbd.C(CH.sub.2).sub.7 COOH                                               9-tetradecynoic acid                                  2  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 COOH                                                 7-oxatetradecanoic acid                               3  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 COOH                                                7-oxotetradecanoic acid                               4  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 COOH                                                 7-thiatetradecanoic acid                              5  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH                                                 5-thiatetradecanoic acid                              6  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.7 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH                                             mono-n-octyl glutarate                                7  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3             COOH                  5,7-tetradecadienoic acid                             8  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 C.tbd.C(CH.sub.2).sub.6 COOH                                               8-tetradecynoic acid                                  9  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O-p-C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4             COOH                  5-(p-butoxyphenyl)pentanoic acid                     10  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 -2,5-C.sub.4 H.sub.2 O--(CH.sub.2).sub.4             COOH                  5- 2-(5-n-hexylfuryl)!pentanoic acid                 11  O.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.12 COOH                                                                    13-nitrotridecanoic acid                             12  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O-p-C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4             COOH                  5-(p-pentoxyphenyl)pentanoic acid                    13  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 COOH                                                 11-oxatetradecanoic acid                             14  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 COOH                                                 10-oxatetradecanoic acid                             15  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH                                                 5-oxatetradecanoic acid                              16  CH.sub.3 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 COOH                                                                 13-thiatetradecanoic acid                            17  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 COOH                                                 8-oxatetradecanoic acid                              18  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 COOH                                             mono-n-nonyl succinate                               19  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH                                                5-oxotetradecanoic acid                              20  CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 COOH                                                 9-thiatetradecanoic acid                             __________________________________________________________________________

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter regarded as forming the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which briefly:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a bar graph which shows: Assay of analog toxicity. The toxicity of 16 compounds, identified only by code number was assessed relative to 11-oxatetradecanoic acid (0-11) and ethanol (E) controls. Each bar shows the mean and standard deviation of quadruplicate assays. All compounds were tested at 10 μM. The 0.1% ethanol in control E, corresponding to the final concentration of solvent present in other assays, had no effect on growth. Brackets on the right of the graph indicate the efficacy group designations for this test. As described in Methods herein below, 11-oxatetradecanoic acid and ethanol controls are defined as the middle value of groups 1 and 3, respectively. Compound codes corresponded to the following structures: 21, CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --CO--(CH₂)₈ --COOH; 22, CH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --NH--CO--(CH₂)₃ --COOH; 23, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --COOH; 24, ethanol; 25, CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --CO--(CH₂)₇ --COOH; 26, CH₃ --(CH₂)₁₀ --CO--CH₂ --COOH; 27, CH₃ (CH₂)₂ --O--(CH₂)₉ COOH (11-oxatetradecanoic acid); 28, CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --CO--(CH₂)₃ --COOH; 29, CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --NH--CO--(CH₂)₄ --COOH; 30, CH₃ --CH₂ --CO--(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH; 31, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --CO--(CH₂)₆ --COOH; 32, CH₃ --(CH₂)₉ --CO--(CH₂)₂ --COOH; 33, CH₃ --(CH₂)₂ --CO--(CH₂)₉ --COOH; 34, CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --NH--CO--(CH₂)₂ --COOH; 35, CH₃ --CO--(CH₂)₁₁ --COOH; 36, CH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --CO--(CH₂)₄ --COOH.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show the chemical structures of the 20 myristate analogs most toxic to trypanosomes arranged into structural groups.

Most of the myristic acid analogs used in the method of the present invention are well-known compounds which have been previously described as useful antiviral agents. See, e.g., Bryant et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8655-8659 (1989), and Bryant et al., Ibid. 88, 2055-2059 (1991). In their activity as antiparasitic agents in the present invention, these myristic analogs function in a different manner than as antiviral agents. In their antiviral activity, these compounds serve as substrates of myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase, an enzyme which transfers myristate from myristoyl CoA to the amino terminal glycine residue of eukaryotic cellular and viral protein. In their antiparasitic activity, these compounds are incorporated into the GPI anchor of the parasite. However, the antiparasitic activity may also be mediated, in part, by alteration of N-myristoylated proteins, or by some change in membrane structure caused by incorporation of the myristic acid analog into phospholipids.

The syntheses of the myristic acid analogs used in the method of the present invention also are well-known. Thus, the synthesis of sulfur-containing myristic acid analogs is described, e.g., by Heuckeroth et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2127-2133 (1988), Heuckeroth et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 8795-8799 (1988), and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,073,571 and 5,082,967. Double bond- and triple bond-containing myristic acid analogs are also described in said patents, in Heuckeroth et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 8795-8799 (1988), and in Rudnick et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10507-10511 (1992). Synthesis of azido-substituted myristic acid analogs is described in EP 480,901. The preparation of many of these and other such myristic acid analogs containing oxygen, sulfur, double bond, triple bond and aromatic residues is described in Kishore et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266, 8835-8855 (1991). Synthesis of myristic acid analogs containing carbonyl groups, nitrogen heteroatoms and nitrogen heterocycles is described in Devadas et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 7224-7239 (1992). The synthesis of still other such triple bond- and aromatic moiety-containing analogs of myristic acid is described by Gokel et al., Israel J. Chem. 32, 127-133 (1992). Examples 1-43, below, illustrate the synthesis of 40 additional test compounds.

In order to illustrate the invention in greater detail, a total of 247 different myristic acid analogs (listed in Table 2, below) were tested for toxicity to trypanosomes in culture in accordance with a state-of-the-art assay. For comparison the testing included five oxy-myristic acid analogs (oxatetra-decanoic acids) described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,445, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Based on the test results, these 247 compounds were divided into three efficacy groups in which groups 2 and 3 consisted of the 60 active compounds whereas the 177 compounds of group 1 were inactive. Of the active compounds, the 20 compounds in group 3 were the most active. Although specific examples of the invention are thus illustrated herein, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these specific examples or the details described therein. References to show the state-of-the-art are indicated in parentheses and appended at the end.

EXAMPLES Materials and Methods

Materials--Fetal calf serum, hypoxanthine, MEM "alpha" medium (320-2561 AJ), penicillin, pyruvate, streptomycin and thymidine were obtained from Gibco/BRL. Other reagents, where not specified, were from Sigma Chemical Co.

Synthesis of fatty acid analogs. The methods used for synthesizing 203 of the 247 fatty acids shown in Table 1 are described in published reports (Rapaport and Newman, 1947; Kishore et al., 1991; Devadas et al., 1992; Gokel et al., 1992; Rudnick et al., 1992; footnote 3). The methods used to synthesize 40 additional fatty acids included in the panel are described below.

Chemical Analysis. Melting points were measured on a Laboratory Devices MEL-TEMP apparatus in open capillaries and are uncorrected. ¹ H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Hitachi Perkin-Elmer R-600 high resolution NMR spectrometer and on a Varian VXR 400 superconducting NMR. Spectra were obtained in CDCl₃ and are reported in ppm (δ) downfield from internal Me₄ Si. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Model 298 or 599 infrared spectrophotometer. TLC analyses were performed on silica gel 60F-254 plates (thickness=0.20 mm; Merck). Column chromatography was carried out with Merck Kieselgel 60 (70-230 mesh). Combustion analyses were conducted by Atlantic Microlab Inc., Atlanta, Ga. High resolution mass spectrometry was conducted at the Southern California Mass Spectrometer Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside. The CI/NH₃ experiments did not typically show MH+ ions so high resolution mass spectrometry was done on MNH₄ ⁺ ions.

General procedure for Wittig reaction. Phosphonium bromide was treated with potassium t-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) under nitrogen with stirring for 30 min. The solution was cooled with ice. Aldehyde in THF was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred for 12 h. The mixture was poured into water (150 mL), washed with Et₂ O (50 mL), acidified (pH=1, 2N HCl) and extracted (hexanes, 4×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 hexanes-ethyl acetate) and crystallization or Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product.

General procedure for hydrolysis reaction. A nitrile or ester containing compound, sodium hydroxide H₂ O (20 mL), and EtOH (20 mL) were mixed and refluxed for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, acidified (pH=1, 2N HCl), and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL). The organic solution was washed with water (2×50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated. The residue was crystallized or distilled to afford the product.

General procedure for hvdrogenation reaction An unsaturated compound, 5% Pd/C or Pd/BaSO₄ and anhydrous EtOH (50 mL) were shaken under 15 psi H₂ for 1.0-4.0 h. The catalyst was filtered and washed with EtOH (2×15 mL). The solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was crystallized or Kugelrohr distilled to afford the product.

TETRADECANDIENOIC ACIDS Example 1

8,10-Tetradecandienoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-carboxyheptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.71 g, 20 mmol) and 2-trans-hexenal (1.96 g, 20 mmol) in 10% hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA)-THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product (1.97 g, 44%) as a yellow oil (bp 123°-126° C./0.01 torr). IR: 3450-2500, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3H), 1.35 (m, 8H), 1.62 m, 2H), 2.05 (m, 4H), 2.32 (t, 2H), 5.23 (m, 1H), 5.60 (m, 1H), 5.90 (m, 1H), 6.05 (m, 1H), 10.50 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄ H₂₄ O₂ : C, 74.95, H, 10.78%; Found: C, 75.01, H, 10.80%.

Example 2

6,8-Tetradecanedienoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 5-carboxypentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.50 g, 20 mmol) and 2-trans-octenal (2.52 g, 20 mmol) in 10% HMPA-THF (100 mL) by Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product (1.91 g, 43%) as a pale yellow oil (bp 122°-125° C./0.01 torr). IR: 3500-2500, 1730 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3H), 1.40 (m, 10H), 2.30 (m, 6H), 6.00 (m, 4H), 11.30 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄ H₂₄ O₂ : C, 74.95, H, 10.78%; Found: C, 75.04, H, 10.80%.

Example 3

5,7-Tetracanedienoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.87 g, 20 mmol) and 2-trans-nonenal (2.80 g, 20 mmol) in 10% HMPA-THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the product (1.96 g, 44%) as a pale yellow oil (bp 116°-119° C./0.01 torr). IR: 3500-2500, 1730 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.90 (t, 3H), 1.35 (m, 10H), 2.30 (m, 6H), 5.90 (m, 4H), 10.05 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄ H₂₄ O₂ : C, 74.95, H, 10.78%; Found: C, 74.87, H, 10.79%.

AROMATIC ANALOGS Example 4

8-Phenoxyoctanoic acid. Phenol (1.88 g, 20 mmol) was mixed with NaOH (0.80 g, 20 mmol) in EtOH (50 mL). 8-Bromooctanoic acid (2.23 g, 10 mmol) was then added to the mixture and refluxed for 12 h. After cooling to room temperature, water (100 mL) was added and the mixture was acidified with 2N HCl (pH=2). The solid was filtered and washed with water (2×50 mL), and recrystallized from hexane-ethyl acetate (5:1) to give the product as white brick-like crystals (1.79 g, 76%), mp 67°-68° C.; ¹ H-NMR: 1.42 (m, 6H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.80 (m, 2H), 2.37 (t, 2H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 6.93 (m, 3H), 7.30 (t, 2H), 10.05 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄ H₂₀ O₃ : C, 71.16, H, 8.53%; Found: C, 71.09, H, 8.54%.

Example 5

8-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-7-octennitrile. This compound was synthesized from 6-cyanohexyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.05 g, 20 mmol) and p-anisaldehyde (2.72 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the products (3.26 g, 71%) as a colorless liquid (bp: 143°-146° C./0.05 torr). IR: 2285 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.50 (m, 6H), 2.30 (m, 4H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 5.50 (m, 1H), 6.30 (d, 1H), 7.05 (q, 4H).

Example 6

8-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-7-octenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 8-(p-methoxyphenyl)-7-octennitrile (3.34 g, 15 mmol) by a hydrolysis reaction. Crystallization (hexanes-ethyl acetate) yielded the product (3.29 g, 88%) as white crystals (mp 42°-43° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1730 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.50 (m, 6H), 2.35 (m, 4H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 6.35 (d, 1H), 7.05 (q, 4H), 11.20 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₀ O₂ : C, 72.55, H, 8,12% Found: C, 72.41, H, 8.07%, Z:E=67:33.

Example 7

8-(p-Methoxyphenyl)octanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 8-(p-methoxyphenyl)-7-octenoic acid (1.24 g, 5 mmol) and Pd/BaSO₄ (125 mg) by hydrogenation. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.20 g, 96%) as white crystals (mp 42°-43° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1705 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.40 (m, 10H), 2.40 (m, 4H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 6.95 (q, 4H), 10.10 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₂ O₂ : C, 71.97, H, 8.86%; Found: C, 72.07, H, 8.88%.

Example 8

7-(p-Ethoxyphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 5-carboxypentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.50 g, 20 mmol) and p-ethoxybenzaldehyde (3.00 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (hexanes-ethyl acetate) afforded the product (3.18 g, 64%) as white crystals (mp 62°-63° C.), IR: 3450-2500, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.40 (t, 3H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 2.38 (m, 4H), 4.00 (q, 2H), 5.72+6.05 (m, 1H), 6.32 (t, 1H), 7.05 (q, 4H), 10.10 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₀ O₃ : C, 72.55, H, 8.12% Found: C, 72.53, H, 8.15%. Z:E=45:55.

Example 9

7-(p-Ethoxyphenyl)heptanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-(p-ethoxyphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid (1.24 g, 5 mmol) and Pd/C (125 mg) by a hydrogenation reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.21 g, 97%) as white crystals (mp 65°-66° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1715 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.32 (m, 7H), 1.55 (m, 5H), 2.30 (t, 2H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 3.95 (q, 2H), 6.90 (q, 2H), 10.20 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₂ O₃ : C, 71.97, H, 8.86%; Found: C, 71.91, H, 8.87%.

Example 10

6-(p-Propoxyphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.87 g, 20 mmol) and p-propoxybenzaldehyde (3.28 g, 20 mmol, synthesized from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-iodopropane) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (3.75 g, 76%) as white crystals (mp, 49°-50° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1725 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3H), 1.75 (m, 4H), 2.35 (m, 4H), 3.90 (t, 2H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 6.35 (m, 1H), 7.00 (q, 4H), 11.30 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₀ O₃ : C, 72.55, H, 8.12%; Found: C, 72.45, H, 8.13%. Z:E=35:65.

Example 11

6-(p-Propoxyphenyl hexanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 6-(p-propoxyphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid (1.49 g, 6 mmol) and Pd/BaSO₄ (150 mg) by a hydrogenation reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) yielded the product (1.38 g, 92%) as white crystals (mp 42°-43° C.), IR: 3400-2500, 1715 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3H), 1.55 (m, 8H), 2.40 (m, 4H), 3.90 (t, 2H), 6.95 (q, 4H), 7.90 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₂ O₃ : C, 71.97, H, 8.86%; Found: C, 72.04, H, 8.88%.

General Procedure for the Preparation of Aryl-terminal Acids Example 12 9-Phenoxynonanoic acid

A. 7-Phenoxyheptyl bromide, Phenol (3.10 g, 33 mmol), 1,7-dibromoheptane (7.74 g, 30 mmol) and NaOH (1.34 g, 33 mmol) were refluxed in EtOH (40 mL) for 30 h. After cooling to room temperature, water (150 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), and the mixture was dried over Na₂ SO₄. After evaporation of solvent, the residue was purified by Kugelrohr distillation to give 7-phenoxyheptyl bromide (2.46 g, 30%), bp 126°-130° C./0.10 torr, ¹ H-NMR: 1.2-1.9 (m, 10H), 3.36 (t, 2H), 3.91 (t, 2H), 6.7-7.2 (m, 5H).

B. Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenoxynonanoate. Sodium (0.22 g, 9.6 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (20 mL). Diethyl malonate (1.53 g, 9.6 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and 7-phenoxyheptyl bromide (2.36 g, 8.7 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) were subsequently added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine (50 mL), and dried over Na₂ SO₄. The crude product was purified by Kugelrohr distillation to give ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenoxynonanoate (1.92 g, 63%), bp 150°-154° C./0.1 torr, ¹ H-NMR: 1.24 (t, 6H), 1.1-1.8 (m, 12H), 3.30 (t, 1H), 3.91 (t, 2H), 4.18 (q, 4H), 6.7-7.2 (m, 5H).

C. 9-Phenoxynonanoic acid. A solution of ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenoxynonanoate (1.84 g, 5.3 mmol) in 20% NaOH (20 mL) was refluxed for 10 h. The solution was acidified with HCl(pH=2) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×30 mL), and brine (30 mL), and dried over Na₂ SO₄. After removal of the solvent in vacuo, the residue was heated on an oil bath at 180°-200° C. for 10 min. The crude product was distilled (Kugelrohr) followed by crystallization (hexane) to give the product (1.14 g, 85%), mp 66.5°-67.5° C. (lit.³ 68°-69° C.). IR: 3450-2550, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.26-1.39 (m, 8H), 1.61 (q, 2H), 1.75 (q, 2H), 2.34 (t, 2H), 3.93 (t, 2H), 6.83-6.96 (m, 3H), 7.28 (t, 2H), 10.8 (bs, 1H).

Example 13 9-Phenylthionanoic acid

A. 7-Phenylthioheptyl bromide was prepared from thiophenol (4.40 g, 40 mmol) and 1,7-dibromoheptane (10.32 g, 40 mmol) as described above for 7-phenoxyheptyl bromide. Yield: 46% bp; 132°-136° C./0.05 torr; ¹ H-NMR: 1.30-1.85 (m, 10H), 2.90 (t, 2H), 3.35 (t, 2H), 7.25 (s, 5H).

B. Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenylthiononanoate was prepared from 7-phenylthioheptyl bromide (4.31 g, 15 mmol) and diethyl malonate (3.20 g, 20 mmol) according to the procedure given above. Yield: 68%, bp: 174°-178° C./0.05 torr; ¹ H-NMR: 1.15-1.90 (m, 18H), 2.90 (t, 2H), 3.30 (t, 1H), 4.20 (q, 4H), 7.25 (s, 5H).

C. 9-Phenylthiononanoic acid was obtained from ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenylthiononanoate (3.66 g, 10 mmol) by basic hydrolysis as described above. Yield: 82%, mp 67°-68° C.; IR: 3450-2550, 1695 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.20-1.80 (m, 12H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.85 (t, 2H), 7.20 (s, 5H), 10.50 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₂ O₂ S: C, 67.63; H, 8.32; S, 12.03%. Found: C, 67.54; H, 8.31; S, 12.09%.

Example 14 8-Benzyloxyoctanoic acid

A. 6-Benzyloxyhexyl bromide was prepared from benzyl alcohol (4.75 g, 44 mmol) and 1,6-dibromohexane (9.76 g, 40 mmol) using the general procedure given above. Yield: 36%, bp 100°-105° C./torr: ¹ H-NMR: 1.2-1.9 (m, 8H), 3.37 (t, 4H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 7.28 (m, 5H).

B. Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-8-benzyloxyoctanoate was prepared from 6-benzyloxyhexyl bromide (3.52 g, 13 mmol) and diethyl malonate (2.29 g, 14 mmol) according to the general procedure given above. Yield 60%, bp 152°-158° C./0.15 torr. ¹ H-NMR: 1.24 (t, 6H), 1.2-1.9 (m, 1OH), 3.43 (t, 2H), 4.18 (q, 4H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 7.27 (m, 5H).

C. 8-Benzyloxyoctanoic acid was prepared from ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-8-benzyloxyoctanoate (2.6 g, 7.4 mmol) by basic hydrolysis as described above. Yield: 83%, bp 158°-162° C./0.15 torr; IR: 3450-2550, 1710 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.24-1.43 (m, 6H), 1.54-1.69 (m, 4H), 2.31 (t, 2H), 3.46 (t, 2H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 7.23-7.38 (m, 5H), 9.55 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₂ O₃ : C, 71.97; H, 8.86%. Found: C, 71.83; H, 8.90%.

Example 15

8-Benzylthiooctanoic acid

A. Ethyl 8-benzylthiooctanoate. NaH (0.63 g, 16 mmol) was washed with hexane and then suspended in dry THF (60 mL). Benzylmercaptan (1.86 g, 15 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min at room temperature. Ethyl 8-iodooctanoate (4.47 g, 15 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 12 h. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine (50 mL) and dried over Na₂ SO₄. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:5) and subsequent Kugelrohr distillation to give ethyl 8-benzylthiooctanoate (3.7 g, 84%), bp 134°-138° C./0.15 torr. ¹ H-NMR: 1.21 (t, 3H), 1.2-1.8 (m, 10H), 2.27 (t, 4H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 4.09 (q, 2H), 7.24 (m, 5H).

B. 8-Benzylthiooctanoic acid. A solution of ethyl 8-benzylthiooctanoate (2.94 g, 10 mmol) and 1M NaOH (60 mL, 60 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with HCl (pH=1) and extracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine (50 mL), and dried over Na₂ SO₄. The crude product was purified by crystallization from hexane to afford the product (2.45 g, 92%), mp 37°-37.5° C.; IR: 3400-2500, 1700 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.18-1.43 (m, 6H), 1.52 (q, 2H), 1.61 (q, 2H), 2.33 (t, 2H), 2.39 (t, 2H), 3.69 (s, 2H), 7.12-7.38 (m, 5H), 9.45 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₂ SO₂ : C, 67.63, H, 8.32%; Found: C, 67.74, H, 8.35%.

Example 16

8-(p-Propylphenyl)-7-octenenitrile. This compound was synthesized from 6-cyanohexyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.05 g, 20 mmol) and p-propylbenzaldehyde (2.96 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the product (3.25 g, 67%) as a colorless liquid (bp 144°-148° C./0.05 torr). IR 2290 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3H), 1.55 (m, 8H), 2.40 (m, 6H), 5.60 (m, 1H), 6.40 (d, 1H), 7.10 (s, 4H).

Example 17

8-(p-Propylphenyl)-7-octenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 8-(p-propylphenyl)-7-octenenitrile (2.41 g, 10 mmol) by a hydrolysis reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the product (2.36 g, 90%) as a colorless oil (bp 148°-152° C./0.05 torr). IR: 3400-2500, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3H), 1.45 (m, 8H), 2.45 (m, 6H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 6.40 (d, 1H), 7.15 (s, 4H), 11.30 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇ H₂₄ O₂ : C, 78.42, H, 9.29%; Found: C, 78.43, H, 9.30%. Z:E=88:12.

Example 18

8-(p-Propylphenyl)octanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 8-(p-propylphenyl)-7-octenoic acid (1.30 g, 5 mmol) and Pd/BaSO₄ (130 mg) by a hydrogenation reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.25 g, 95%) as white crystals (mp 42°-43° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1705 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3H), 1.45 (m, 12H), 2.50 (m, 6H), 7.05 (s, 4H), 11.40 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇ H₂₆ O₂ : C, 77.82, H, 9.99%; Found: C, 77.75, H, 10.04%.

Example 19

7-(p-Butylphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 5-carboxypentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.50 g, 20 mmol) and p-butylbenzaldehyde (3.24 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product (2.67 g, 51%) as a colorless oil (bp 154°-157° C./0.05 torr). IR: 3400-2500, 1720 cm⁻¹, ¹ H-NMR:0.92 (t, 3H), 1.50 (m, 8H), 2.30 (m, 4H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 5.58+6.15 (m, 1H), 6.38 (t, 1H), 7.18 (m, 4H), 10.30 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇ H₂₄ O₂ : C, 78.42, H, 9.29%; Found: C, 78.38, H, 9.29%. Z:E=62:38.

Example 20

7-(p-Butylphenyl)heptanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-(p-butylphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid (1.30 g, 5 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (130 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.19 g, 97%) as white crystals (mp 32°-33° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1718 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.92 (t, 3H), 1.35 (m, 6H), 1.60 (m, 6H), 2.32 (t, 2H), 2.55 (m, 4H), 7.02 (s, 4H), 9.70 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇ H₂₆ O₂ : C, 77.82, H, 9.99%; Found: C, 77.73, H, 10.01%.

Example 21

6-(p-Pentylphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from p-pentylbenzaldehyde (3.52 g, 20 mmol, prepared from p-pentylbenzoyl chloride and lithium tri(t-butoxy)aluminum hydride) and 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.86 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation (bp 147°-151° C./0.05 torr) afforded the product (2.49 g, 48%). IR: 3400-2500, 1725 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.90 (t, 3H), 1.28 (m, 6H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 1.37 (m, 4H), 2.57 (t, 2H), 5.55+6.10 (m, 1H), 6.38 (m, 1H), 7.10 (m, 4H), 10.50 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇ H₂₄ O₂ : C, 78.42, H, 9.29%; Found: C, 78.22, H, 9.27%. Z:E=35:65.

Example 22

6-(p-Pentylphenyl)hexanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 6-(p-pentylphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid (1.30 g, 5 mmol) by hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (130 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.13 g, 87%) as white crystals (mp 29°-30° C.), IR: 3400-2500, 1730 cm⁻¹, ¹ H-NMR: 0.89 (t, 3H), 1.32 (m, 6H), 1.60 (m, 6H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.58 (m, 4H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 10.30 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇ H₂₆ O₂ : C, 77.82, H, 9.99%; Found: C, 77.56, H, 9.90%.

Example 23

7-(p-Propoxyphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from p-propoxybenzaldehyde (3.26 g, 20 mmol, prepared from 1-bromopropane and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and 5-carboxypentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.50 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (3.15 g, 60%) as white crystals (mp: 52°-53° C.). IR: 3450-2500, 1730 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3H), 1.48 (m, 2H), 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 2.35 (m, 4H), 3.92 (t, 2H), 5.72+6.05 (m, 1H), 6.35 (d, 1H), 7.05 (q, 4H), 10.40 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₆ H₂₂ O₃ : C, 73.25, H, 8.45%. Found: C, 73.15, H, 8.45%. Z:E=30:70.

Example 24

7(p-Propoxyphenyl)heptanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-(p-propoxyphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid (1.31 g, 5 mmol) by hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C(130 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.23 g, 93%) as white crystals (mp: 49°-50° C). IR: 3450-2550, 1725 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3H), 1.37 (m, 4H), 1.60 (m, 4H), 1.79 (m, 2H), 2.36 (t, 2H), 2.53 (t, 2H), 3.87 (t, 2H), 6.95 (q, 4H), 9.80 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₆ H₂₄ O₃ : C, 72.69, H, 9.15%; Found: C, 72.79, H, 9.16%.

Example 25

6-(p-Butoxyphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.86 g, 20 mmol) and p-butoxybenzaldehyde (3.56 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (3.82 g, 73%) as white crystals (mp: 56°-57° C.). IR: 3350-2500, 1700 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.80 (m, 4H), 2.40 (m, 4H), 3.90 (t, 2H), 5.50+6.00 (m, 1H), 6.38 (q, 1H), 7.05 (q, 4H), 11.00 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₆ H₂₂ O₃ : C, 73.25, H, 8.45%; Found: C, 73.32, H, 8.46%. Z:E=37:63.

Example 26

6-(p-Butoxyphenyl)hexanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 6-(p-butoxyphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid (2.62 g, 10 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (260 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (2.49 g, 94%) as white crystals (mp 39°-40° C.). IR: 3400=2500, 1705 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 0.96 (t, 3H), 1.35 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 4H), 1.75 (m, 2H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.52 (t, 2H), 3.92 (t, 2H), 6.95 (q, 4H), 10.30 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₆ H₂₄ O₃ : C, 72.69, H, 9.15%; Found: C, 72.78, H, 9.18%.

Example 27

Ethyl 8-(4-ethyl)phenoxynonanoate. NaH (0.25 g, 11 mmol) was washed with hexane and then suspended in dry THF (50 mL). 4-Ethylphenol (1.22 g, 10 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. Ethyl 8-iodooctanoate (2.98 g, 10 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 12 h. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL), and the organic phase was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine (50 mL) and dried over Na₂ SO₄. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate:hexane=1:5) and subsequent Kugelrohr distillation to give the product (0.85 g, 24%), bp 122°-126° C./0.1 torr. IR: 1740 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.19 (t, 3H), 1.25 (t, 3H), 1.30-1.80 (m, 10H), 2.28 (t, 2H), 2.57 (q, 2H), 3.90 (t, 2H), 4.12 (q, 2H), 6.86 (d, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H).

Example 28

8-(4-Ethyl)phenoxyoctanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from ethyl 8-(4-ethyl)phenoxyoctanoate (1.76 g, 5 mmol) by a hydrolysis reaction. Crystallization from hexane gave white crystals (1.40 g, 87%), mp 77°-78° C.; IR: 3450-2950, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.17 (t, 3H), 1.29-1.49 (m, 6H), 1.63 (q, 2H), 1.74 (q, 2H), 2.31 (t, 2H), 2.56 (q, 2H), 3.88 (t, 2H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 7.06 (d, 2H), 10.2 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₆ H₂₄ O₃ : C, 72.69, H, 9.15%; Found: C, 72.53, H, 9.19%.

Example 29

12-Phenyl-11-dodecenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 10-carboxydecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (10.55 g, 20 mmol) and benzaldehyde (2.12 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation (bp 152°-155° C./0.03 torr) and crystallization afforded the product (2.43 g, 44%) as white crystals (mp 27°-27.5° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1720, 700 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 10H), 1.40 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 2H), 2.35 (m, 4H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 6.40 (m, 1H), 7.25 (m, 5H), 10.40 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈ H₂₆ O₂ : C, 78.79, H, 9.55%; Found: C, 78.66, H, 9.60%. Z:E=93:7.

Example 30

12-Phenyldodecanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 12-phenyl-10-dodecenoic acid (1.92 g, 7 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (190 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.88 g, 97%) as white crystals (mp 47°-48° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1700 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 14H), 1.60 (m, 4H), 2.32 (t, 2H), 2.57 (t, 2H), 7.20 (m, 5H), 10.20 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈ H₂₈ O₂ : C, 78.21, H, 10.21%; Found: C, 78.29, H, 10.25%.

HETEROAROMATIC ANALOGS Example 31

9-(2-Furyl)-8-nonenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-carboxyheptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.71 g, 20 mmol) and 2-furaldehyde (1.92 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product (2.69 g, 61%) as a pale yellow oil (bp 136°-139° C./0.05 torr). IR: 3500-2500, 1730, 710 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.40 (m, 8H), 2.35 (m, 4H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 6.30 (m, 3H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 11.40 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃ H₁₈ O₃ : C, 70.25, H, 8.16%; Found: C, 69.98, H, 8.26%. Z:E=79:21.

Example 32

9-(2-Furyl)nonanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 9-(2-furyl)-8-nonenoic acid (0.89 g, 4 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/BaSO₄ (90 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (0.84 g, 93%) as white crystals (mp 31°-32° C.); IR: 3450-2500, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 8H), 1.63 (m, 4H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 6.27 (s, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 9.85 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃ H₂₀ O₃ : C, 69.61, H, 8.99%; Found: C, 69.42, H, 9.04%.

Example 33

9-(2-(5-Methyl)furyl)-8-nonenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 5-methylfurfural (2.20 g, 20 mmol) and 7-carboxyheptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.71 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the product (2.35 g, 50%) as a yellow oil (bp 140°-143° C./0.05 torr). IR: 3400-2500, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.36 (m, 4H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.37 (t, 2H), 2.41 (m, 2H), 5.45 (m, 1H), 5.95 (d, 1H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 10.00 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄ H₂₀ O₃ : C, 71.16, H, 8.53%; Found: C, 70.85, H, 8.63%. Z:E=9:91.

Example 34

9-(2-(5-Methyl)furyl)nonanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 9-(2-(5-methyl)furyl)-8-nonenoic acid (0.94 g, 4 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/BaSO₄ (94 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (0.87 g, 92%) as white crystals (mp 49°-50° C.); IR: 3400-2500, 1710 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 8H), 1.60 (m, 4H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.32 (t, 2H), 2.55 (t, 2H), 5.81 (s, 2H), 8.95 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄ H₂₂ O₃ : C, 70.56, H, 9.30%; Found: C, 70.39, H, 9.33%.

Example 35

11-(2-furyl)-10-undecenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 2-furaldehyde (1.92 g, 20 mmol) and 9-carboxynonyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (10.27 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (2.95 g, 59%) as white crystals (mp 45°-46° C.); IR: 3450-2500 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.33 (m, 8H), 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 2.34 (t, 2H), 2.45 (m, 2H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 6.18 (d, 1H), 6.25 (d, 1H), 6.38 (d, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 9.80 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₂ O₃ :C, 71.97, H, 8.86%; Found: C, 71.93, H, 8.87%. Z:E=43:57.

Example 36

11-(2-Furyl)undecanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 11-(2-furyl)-10-undecenoic acid (1.25 g, 5 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/BaSO₄ (125 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.13 g, 90%) as white crystals (mp 40°-41° C.); IR: 3450-2500, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 12H), 1.65 (m, 4H), 2.34 (t, 2H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 5.95 (d, 1H), 6.28 (d, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 10.10 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₄ O₃ : C, 71.39, H, 9.58%; Found: C, 71.21, H, 9.63%.

Example 37

12-(2-Furyl)-11-dodecenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 10-carboxydecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (10.50 g, 20 mmol) and furfural (1.92 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization afforded the product (2.38 g, 45%) as pale yellow crystals (mp 38°-39° C.); IR: 3450-2500, 1715, 695 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.35 (m, 14H), 2.35 (t, 4H), 5.60 (m, 1H), 6.30 (m, 3H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 9.40 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₆ H₂₄ O₃ : C, 72.69, H, 9.15; Found: C, 72.44, H, 9.06%. Z:E=43:57.

Example 38

9-(2-Thienyl)-8-nonenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-carboxyheptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.71 g, 20 mmol) and 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (2.24 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization afforded the product (2.79 g, 59%) as white crystals (mp 45°-46° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1720, 710 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.45 (m, 8H), 2.35 (m, 4H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 6.50 (d, 1H), 7.00 (m, 3H), 11.00 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃ H₁₈ SO₂ : C, 65.51, H, 7.61%; Found: C, 65.58, H, 7.63%. Z:E=75:25.

Example 39

9-(2-Thienyl)-nonanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 9-(2-thienyl)-8-nonenoic acid (1.19 g, 5 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (120 mg). Crystallization afforded the product (1.05 g, 88%) as white crystals (mp 32°-33° C.); IR: 3400-2500, 1715, 705 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.35 (m, 12H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 2.85 (t, 2H), 6.95 (m, 3H), 10.35 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃ H₂₀ SO₂ : C, 64.96, H, 8.39%; Found: C, 64.81, H, 8.43%.

Example 40

9-(2-(5-Methyl)thienyl)-8-nonenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-carboxyheptylphenylphosphonium bromide (7.28 g, 15 mmol) and 2-(5-methyl)thiophenecarboxaldehyde (1.92 g, 15 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation (bp 155°-159° C./0.05 torr) and crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (2.43 g, 48%) as pale yellow crystals (mp 38°-39° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1715 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.40 (m, 6H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 2.37 (m, 4H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 5.45+5.90 (m, 1H), 6.41 (t, 1H), 6.65 (m, 1H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 10.05 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄ H₂₀ O₂ S: C, 66.63, H, 7.99%; Found: C, 66.54, H, 8.02%. Z:E=72:28.

Example 41

9-(2-(5-Methyl)thienyl)nonanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 9-(2-(5-methyl)thienyl)-8-nonenoic acid (1.01 g, 4 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (200 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (0.91 g, 89%) as white crystals (mp 39°-40° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1720 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.32 (m, 8H), 1.63 (m, 4H), 2.32 (t, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.71 (t, 2H), 6.54 (s, 2H), 9.50 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄ H₂₂ O₂ S: C, 66.10, H, 8.72%; Found: C, 65.97, H, 8.72%.

Example 42

11-(2-Thienyl)-10-undecenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (2.24 g, 20 mmol) and 9-carboxynonyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (10.27 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (hexanes-ethyl acetate) afforded the product (2.45 g, 46%) as white crystals (mp 61°-62° C.); IR: 3450-2500, 1715 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.31 (m, 8H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 2.34 (t, 2H), 2.38 (t, 2H) 5.55 (m, 1H), 6.50 (d, 1H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.23 (d, 2H), 10.05 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₂ _(O) ₂ S: C, 67.63, H, 8.32%; Found: C, 67.60, H, 8.34%. Z:E=19:81.

Example 43

11-(2-Thienyl)undecanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 11-(2-thienyl)-10-undecenoic acid (800 mg, 3 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (80 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (0.73 g, 91%) as white crystals (mp 41°-42° C.): IR: 3450-2500, 1715 cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 12H), 1.63 (m, 4H), 2.32 (t, 2H), 2.80 (t, 2H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 6.90 (t, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 9.80 (bs, 1H). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅ H₂₄ O₂ S: C, 67.12, H, 9.01%; Found: C, 67.55, H, 8.89%.

Example 44

The biological activity of a panel of fatty acid analogs that had been tested previously as substrates for purified E. coli-derived S. cerevisiae myristoylCoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt) were tested for toxicity against trypanosomes as potential candidates for anti-trypanosomal drugs. For purposes of comparison, several oxatetradecanoic acids described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,445 as inhibitors of the growth and viability of bloodstream trypanosome parasites were included in the test panel. For convenience, this panel of fatty acid analogs was subdivided based on chemical differences in their secondary functional group. These functional groups vary with respect to their polarity, steric bulk, conformations, and to a limited degree, overall chain length. The 247 compounds thus tested are organized in Table 2, below, into 20 families. Several of these functional groups should have complex effects on both conformation and stereoelectronic properties (e.g. analogs with ester) whereas others will predominantly affect only one of these properties (e.g. conformation but not polarity in the case of olefins; polarity but not conformation in the case of oxatetradecanoic acids). In many of these families, the effects of the functional group have been assessed at every possible position from C3 through C13 in tetradecanoic acid (e.g. see the thia-and oxotetradecanoic acids listed in Table 2).

To perform the large scale testing, a reproducible and rapid assay was employed. The method exploits the fact that growing trypanosomes secrete large amounts of pyruvic acid, an end product of glucose catabolism (Operdoes, 1987). The pyruvic acid causes a change in color of the phenol red indicator present in the culture medium, providing a quantitative measure of cell growth. A similar assay has been published previously (Zinsstag et al., 1991). The detailed assay procedures used herein are as follows:

Trypanosomes were grown in the presence of analogs or positive and negative controls (11-oxatetradecanoic acid and the ethanol solvent, respectively). To avoid bias in data interpretation analog solutions were identified only by a code number. To evaluate reliability and reproducibility of the assay, several analogs were coded twice. All coded analogs were tested in quadruplicate on at least two separate occasions. After a standard growth period, the absorbance of the culture was determined at 550 nm and 405 nm and an efficacy value calculated from the ratio of these absorbances. Results from a representative test are shown in FIG. 1. This set of coded compounds included samples of ethanol and 11-oxatetradecanoic acid as both coded and uncoded samples (compounds E and 24 and O11 and 27 respectively). The excellent agreement between these samples and the controls attests to the reproducibility of this assay. Quadruplicate samples were generally each within 5% of the mean, and the ratio of the absorbance at 550 nm and 405 nm obtained for 11-oxatetradecanoic acid averaged 1.12 with a standard error of 0.04 for over 100 determinations during a 6 month period.

The analogs were grouped in terms of efficacy, defining 10 μM 11-oxatetradecanoic acid as the center of group 3 and the ethanol controls as the center of group 1 (FIG. 1). The range of values were calculated defining each group independently for each test based on the 11-oxatetradecanoic acid and ethanol values in that trial. This controlled for any differences in medium or cell growth. All compounds classified as group 3 were tested at least twice. After screening and categorizing all analogs in this manner, the code was broken and the structures of the compounds were matched with their efficacy. Note that 11-oxa-, 13-oxa-, and 6-oxatetradecanoic acids fall in groups 3, 2, and 1, respectively. These values correlate well with their effects on trypanosome growth assessed by cell counts using a hemocytometer (Doering et al., 1991).

FIG. 2 shows the structures of the 20 most active compounds which collectively define group 3. They are presented in decreasing order of potency in Table 1, above, and as structural groups in FIG. 2. Nine of the compounds are either thiatetradecanoic or oxatetradecanoic acids. The ether functional group is also present in conjunction with an aromatic residue in three other compounds. An additional four analogs contain oxygen, either in the form of a ketocarbonyl or an ester group. The remaining structures include 13-nitrotridecanoic acid and three unsaturated, fourteen carbon carboxylic acids. 9-Tetradecynoic acid was the most potent anti-trypanosomal agent identified among the 247 compounds screened.

Cells used for Growth Assays

For toxicity assays, cloned T. brucei (strain 427) of variant antigen type 221 (obtained from G. A. M. Cross, Rockefeller University) were harvested from CD-1 mice at a parasitemia of 2-5×10⁸ trypanosomes/mL. After centrifugation of the infected blood (430×g; 8 min; 4° C.), the upper portion of the buffy coat was retained, with care taken to avoid contamination with erythrocytes. This material, consisting predominantly of trypanosomes, was then resuspended in BBS containing 1 mg/mL fatty acid free bovine serum albumin. The suspension was centrifuged (3,000×g; 8 min; 4° C.), and the cell pellet resuspended in culture medium to a final density of 1.5×10⁷ cells/mL. (The composition of this culture medium was as described above except that 40 μM monothioglycerol was added; Duszenko et al., 1985; Doering et al., 1990; Hamm et al., 1990.) The doubling time of trypanosomes under these culture conditions is approximately 6 h at 37° C.

Growth Assay

This rapid assay, which can accommodate multiple samples, depends on measurement of the color change produced in the medium's phenol red indicator dye due to acidification by growing trypanosomesic. Stocks of analogs (10 mM in absolute ethanol, identified only by a code number) were diluted in culture medium to twice the concentration to be tested. Aliquots of 100 μL were dispensed into 96-well microtiter plates and warmed to 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator before the addition of an equal volume of cell suspension (1.5×10⁷ /mL, see above). All assays were performed in quadruplicate in each plate. Control wells included appropriately diluted ethanol (which had no effect on cell growth) and 10 μM 11-oxatetradecanoic acid. The plate was incubated for 36 h at 37° C. and then stored at 4° C. for 12 h to allow equilibration of CO₂ in the medium with that in air. The absorbance of each sample, at 550 nm and 405 nm (values chosen based on the absorption spectra of fresh and acidified media), was then read in a UV_(max) kinetic microplate reader (Molecular Devices). To control for any variation in sample volume, the ratio of absorbance at 550 nm to absorbance at 405 nm for each well was calculated. This ratio was then averaged for each quadruplicate set and normalized to the average obtained in the set of control wells containing 10 μM 11-oxatetradecanoic acid, yielding an "efficacy value".

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Screening fatty acid analogs for toxicity against T. brucei type 221           Structure               Reference    Efficacy                                                                            Group.sup.1                          __________________________________________________________________________     Saturated Fatty Acids.sup.2                                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH        1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH        1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH       1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH       1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.12 --COOH       1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.13 --COOH       1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.14 --COOH       1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.16 --COOH       1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.18 --COOH       1                                    Oxatetradecanoic acids                                                         CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH                                                                 Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                      Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3*.sup.3                             CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3*                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3**.sup.4                            CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3*                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --O--CH.sub.2 --COOH                                                      Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    Thiatetradecanoic acids                                                        CH.sub.3 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH                                                                 Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3*                                   CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                      Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3b*                                  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3**                                  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3**                                  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --S--CH.sub.2 --COOH                                                      Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    Myristic acid analogs containing sulfur and/or oxygen substituents             CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                 Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                 Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                 Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                 Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5      --COOH                 Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    Oxotetradecanoic acids                                                         CH.sub.3 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH                                                                Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                     Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                              Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2a*                                  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                              Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                              Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2a*                                  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                              Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                              Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             3**                                  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                              Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                              Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             3b*                                  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                              Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CO--CH.sub.2 --COOH                                                     Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    Myristic acid analogs containing ester groups                                  CH.sub.3 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                             Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                   Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                           Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                           Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                           Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                           Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                           Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                           Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             3                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                           Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             3b*                                  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --O--CO--CH.sub.2 --COOH                                                   Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                  Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    Myristic acid analogs containing amide groups                                  CH.sub.3 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                            Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                          Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                          Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                          Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                          Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                          Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                          Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                          Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --NH--CO--CH.sub.2 --COOH                                                  Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    Myristic acid analogs containing acylamino amide groups                        CH.sub.3 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                            Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                            Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                            Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                            Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                            Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                            Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                            Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.9 --CO--NH--CH.sub.2 --COOH                                                    Devadas et al., 1992                                                                             1a                                   Nitroalkylcarboxylic acids                                                     O.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                                     Lu et al., 1994.sup.5                                                                            1                                    O.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                                    Lu et al., 1994   2a                                   O.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.12 --COOH                                                                    Lu et al., 1994   3                                    Halogenated analogs                                                            Br--(CH.sub.2).sub.12 --COOH                                                                           Lu et al., 1994   2                                    Br--(CH.sub.2).sub.13 --COOH                                                                           Lu et al., 1994   2                                    F.sub.3 C--(CH.sub.2).sub.12 --COOH                                                                    Lu et al., 1994   1                                    F.sub.3 C--CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                         Lu et al., 1994   1                                    Tetradecenoic acids                                                            CH.sub.2 ═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH                                                             Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z12.sup.6                                                                           1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                               Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z11  2b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z10  1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z8   1a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z7   2b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        E7.sup.7                                                                            1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        E6   2b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z6   1                                    Isomer mixture: 15% E6, 85% Z6                                                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        E:Z6 1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        E5   1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z5   1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z4   1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                       Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        E4   1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2 ----COOH                                             Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z3   1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CH═CH--CH--COOH                                                     Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        E2   1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CH═CH--CH--COOH                                                     Kishore et al., 1991                                                                        Z2   1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                               Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C8:Z5                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                       Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C10:Z5                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                       Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C12:Z5                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                      Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C16:Z4                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                       Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C16:Z5                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                       Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C16:Z6                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                      Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C17:Z5                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                      Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C18:Z5                                                                              1                                    Tetradecadienoic acids                                                         CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6           --COOH                  See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4           --COOH                  See Examples      2b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3           --COOH                  See Examples      3                                    Tetradecynoic acids                                                            HC.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH                                                                     Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2b                                   CH.sub.3 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                           Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                   Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             3                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                         Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --C.tbd.C--CH.sub.2 --COOH                                                 Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --C.tbd.C--COOH                                                           Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                         Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C13:Y4.sup.8                                                                        1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                         Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C13:Y5                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                         Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C13:Y6                                                                              2b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                         Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C15:Y4                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                         Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C15:Y5                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                         Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C15:Y6                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                        Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C16:Y4                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                         Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C16:Y5                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                         Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                        C16:Y6                                                                              1                                    Aromatic analogs                                                               11 Carbon Equivalent Length.sup.9                                              C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                                              Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2b                                   C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    12 Carbon Equivalent Length                                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                              Kishore et al. 1991                                                                              1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                                   Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1a                                   C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                                           See Examples      1                                    13 Carbon Equivalent Length                                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                              Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2b                                   CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                   Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 COOH                                          Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             2b                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH.sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                        Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                          Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5            --COOH                  Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.     4 --COOH                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.     3 --COOH                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.     2 --COOH                Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2            --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--COOH                                        Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                                See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                     See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5            --COOH                  See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4            --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3            --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2            --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                     See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4         --COOH                  See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).s     ub.3 --COOH             See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).s     ub.2 --COOH             Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2         --COOH                  Goketl et al., 1992                                                                              1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--COOH                                     Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                           See Examples      1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                           See Examples      1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH.sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                                See Examples      1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH.sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                                See Examples      1                                    14 Carbon Equivalent Length                                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                             Heuckeroth et al., 1990                                                                          2b                                   CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                   Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                        Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                Heuckeroth et al., 1990                                                                          1                                    CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                        Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6            --COOH                  Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.     5 --COOH                See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.     4 --COOH                See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.     3 --COOH                See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.     2 --COOH                Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2            --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1a                                   CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6            --COOH                  See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5            --COOH                  See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4            --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               3                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3            --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2            --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5         --COOH                  Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1a                                   CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).s     ub.4 --COOH             See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).s     ub.3 --COOH             See Examples      1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).s     ub.2 --COOH             Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2         --COOH                  Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--COOH                                     Gokel et al., 1992                                                                               1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                           Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                           Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --S--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --S--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                     See Examples      1                                    15 Carbon Equivalent Length                                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH                                                             Rapoport and Newman, 1947                                                                        1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                   See Examples      1                                    C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                          See Examples      1                                    Azido-aromatic analogs                                                         p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                                  Lu et al., 1994.sup.5                                                                            1                                    p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                                  Lu et al., 1994   1b                                   p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                  Lu et al., 1994   1                                    m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                  Lu et al., 1994   1                                    m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                 Lu et al., 1994   1b                                   p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                               Lu et al., 1994   1b                                   m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                               Lu et al., 1994   1                                    p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                               Lu et al., 1994   1b                                   m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                               Lu et al., 1994   1                                    p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                               Lu et al., 1994   1                                    m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                               Lu et al., 1994   1                                    Nitro-aromatic analogs                                                         O.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                        Lu et al., 1994   1                                    O.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                        Lu et al., 1994   1a                                   O.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                        Lu et al., 1994   1                                    H.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                                   Lu et al., 1994   1                                    H.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                                   Lu et al., 1994   1                                    Halo-aromatic analogs                                                          o-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                         Lu et al., 1994   1                                    m-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                         Lu et al., 1994   1                                    p-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                         Lu et al., 1994   1a                                   p-Cl--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                        Lu et al., 1994   1                                    p-Br--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                        Lu et al., 1994   1a                                   p-CF.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                 Lu et al., 1994   1                                    o-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═C--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                               Lu et al., 1994   1                                    m-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                              Lu et al., 1994   1                                    p-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                              Lu et al., 1994   1a                                   p-Cl--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                             Lu et al., 1994   1                                    p-Br--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                             Lu et al., 1994   1                                    p-CF.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                      Lu et al., 1994   1                                    Hetero-aromatic analogs                                                        CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --furyl--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                           Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                             1                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --furyl--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                           Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                             2                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --furyl--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                           Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                             3                                    CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --furyl--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                           Rudnick et al., 1992                                                                             2b                                   2-Furyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                                        See Examples      1                                     2-(5-CH.sub.3 --furyl)!-(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                       See Examples      1                                    2-Furyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                                       See Examples      2b                                   2-Furyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                                             See Examples      1                                     2-(5-CH.sub.3 -furyl)!-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                             See Examples      1                                    2-Furyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                             See Examples      1                                    2-Furyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                             See Examples      1                                    2-Thienyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                                      See Examples      1a                                   2-Thienyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                                                      Kishore et al., 1991                                                                             1                                     2-(5-CH.sub.3 -thienyl)!-(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                      See Examples      1                                    2-Thienyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH                                                                     See Examples      2b                                   2-Thienyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                                           See Examples      1                                     2-(5-CH.sub.3 -thienyl)!-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                           See Examples      1                                    2-Thienyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                                           See Examples      1                                    __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.1 Efficacy groups were assigned as described in Methods and the text      Subgroup "a" indicates compounds near the upper boundary of an efficacy        group; subgroup "b" indicates compounds at the lower boundary. The 20 mos      toxic compounds (Group 3) are highlighted in bold type.                        .sup.2 Purchased from Nu Chek Prep, Inc. (Elysian, MN)                         .sup.3 *Indicates compounds that were categorized as group 2 when tested       at 2 μM.                                                                    .sup.4 **Indicates compounds that remained in group 3 when tested at 2         μM.                                                                         .sup.5 T. Lu, Q. Li, A. Katoh, J. Hernandez, K. Duffin, E.                     JacksonMachelski, L. J Knoll, G. W. Gokel, and J. I. Gordon, J. Biol.          Chem., 269, 5346-5357 (1994)                                                   .sup.6 Z, designates cis double bond geometry                                  .sup.7 E, designates trans double bond geometry                                .sup.8 Y, indicates triple bond                                                .sup.9 Examination of CPK space filling atomic models indicates that the       width of an aromatic ring is equivalent to three methylenes.             

The antiparasitic agents described herein can be used for administration to mammalian hosts infected with trypanosomes and the like by conventional means, preferably in formulations with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents and carriers. The amount of the active agent to be administered must be an effective amount, that is, an amount which is medically beneficial but does not present toxic effects which overweigh the advantages which accompany its use. It would be expected that the adult human dosage would normally range upward from about one milligram of the active compound. A suitable route of administration is orally in the form of capsules, tablets, syrups, elixirs and the like, although parenteral administration also can be used. Appropriate formulations of the active compound in pharmaceutically acceptable diluents and carriers in therapeutic dosage form can be prepared by reference to general texts in the field such as, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ed. Arthur Osol, 16th ed., 1980, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.

Various other examples will be apparent to the person skilled in the art after reading the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All such other examples are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.

References

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method of inhibiting growth and viability of bloodstream trypanosome parasites having a GPI membrane anchor which comprises contacting said bloodstream trypanosome parasites with a compound selected from the group consisting ofCH₃ --S--(CH₂)₁₁ --COOH, CH₃ --CH₂ --S--(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --S--(CH₂)₈ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --S--(CH₂)₇ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --S--(CH₂)₆ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --S--(CH₂)₅ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --S--(CH₂)₄ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --S--(CH₂)₃ --COOH, CH₃ --CH₂ --S--(CH₂)₂ --O--(CH₂)₇ --COOH, CH₃ --CO--(CH₂)₁₁ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₂ --CO--(CH₂)₉ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --CO--(CH₂)₈ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --CO--(CH₂)₇ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --CO--(CH₂)₅ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --CO--(CH₂)₃ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₉ --CO--(CH₂)₂ --COOH, CH₃ --O--CO--(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₂ --O--CO--(CH₂)₈ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --O--CO--(CH₂)₇ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --O--CO--(CH₂)₅ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --O--CO--(CH₂)₄ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --O--CO--(CH₂)₃ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --O--CO--(CH₂)₂ --COOH, O₂ N--(CH₂)₁₂ --COOH, O₂ N--(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH, Br--(CH₂)₁₂ --COOH, and Br--(CH₂)₁₃ --COOH, CH₃ --CH₂ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₉ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₅ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₄ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH₂)₄ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH₂)₃ --COOH, HC≡C--(CH₂)₁₁ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₂ --C≡C--(CH₂)₈ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --C≡C--(CH₂)₇ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --C≡C--(CH₂)₆ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --C≡C--(CH₂)₅ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --C≡C--(CH₂)₄ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --C≡C--(CH₂)₃ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --C≡C--(CH₂)₄ --COOH, C₆ H₅ --(CH₂)₇ --COOH, C₆ H₅ --(CH₂)₉ --COOH, CH₃ --CH₂ --C₆ H₄ --(CH₂)₇ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --O--C₆ H₄ --(CH₂)₄ --COOH, C₆ H₅ --(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --O--C₆ H₄ --(CH₂)₄ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --O--C₆ H₄ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₃ --COOH, C₅ H₁₁ --O--C₆ H₄ --CH═CH--(CH₂)₂ --COOH, 2-Furyl-(CH₂)₁₀ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₆ -furyl-(CH₂)₃ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₅ -furyl-(CH₂)₄ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ -furyl-(CH₂)₅ --COOH, 2-Thienyl-(CH₂)₁₀ -COOH.
 2. The method of claim 1 in which the trypanosome is Trypanosoma brucei.
 3. The method of claim 1 in which the inhibitory compound is a thiatetradecanoic acid selected from the group consisting ofCH₃ --S--(CH₂)₁₁ --COOH, CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --S--(CH₂)₇ --COOH, CH₃ (CH₂)₆ --S--(CH₂)₅)--COOH and CH₃ (CH₂)₈ --S--(CH₂)₃ --COOH.
 4. The method of claim 1 in which the inhibitory compound is an oxotetradecanoic acid selected from the group consisting ofCH₃ --(CH₂)₆ --CO--(CH₂)₅ --COOH and CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --CO--(CH₂)₃ --COOH.
 5. The method of claim 1 in which the inhibitory compound is a myristic acid analog containing an internal ester group selected from the group consisting ofCH₃ --(CH₂)₇ --O--CO--(CH₃)₃ --COOH and CH₃ --(CH₂)₈ --O--CO--(CH₂)₂ --COOH.
 6. The method of claim 1 in which the inhibitory compound isO₂ N--(CH₂)₁₂ --COOH.
 7. The method of claim 1 in which the inhibitory compound isCH₃ --(CH₂)₅ --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH₂)₃ --COOH.
 8. The method of claim 1 in which the inhibitory compound is a tetradecynoic acid selected from the group consisting ofCH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --C≡C--(CH₂)₇ --COOH and CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --C≡C--(CH₂)₆ --COOH.
 9. The method of claim 1 in which the inhibitory compound is an alkoxyphenylpentanoic acid selected from the group consisting ofCH₃ --(CH₂)₃ --O--C₆ H₄ --(CH₂)₄ --COOH and CH₃ --(CH₂)₄ --O--C₆ H₄ (CH₂)₄ --COOH.
 10. The method of claim 1 in which the inhibitory compound isCH₃ --(CH₂)₅ -furyl-(CH₂)₄ --COOH. 